Linux CLI 06: Vim

name: inverse
layout: true
class: center, middle, inverse
---
# Vim

The editor that withstood the test of time

_Editing at the speed of thought_

.footnote[Marek Šuppa<br>Ondrej Jariabka<br>Adrián Matejov]

---
layout: false

# Why learn <s>UNIX</s> Vim today?

Despite what it may look like, it is still being used rather extensively.

.center[![:scale 80%](images/vim-stackoverflow.png)]

.font-small[See for yourself: https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2023/#section-most-popular-technologies-integrated-development-environment]

---

# Vim

- A text editor ubiquitous on *NIX systems

- An extension of the `vi` editor, part of the original UNIX

- Simple at its core, but very extensible

- User friendly to programmers and system administrators

- The 5th most popular development environment in [2021](https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021#most-popular-technologies-new-collab-tools), [2022](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#technology) and [2023](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2023/#section-most-popular-technologies-integrated-development-environment) according to StackOverflow survey

---------------

Opening it (with a file) is very easy, just run

```bash
vim file.txt
```

from your shell

???

StackOverflow survey: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#technology

---
# Warning: Vim has a steep learning curve

.center[
  ![:scale 80%](images/editor_learning_curves.jpg)

.font-small[Image from https://devrant.com/rants/83706/few-text-editors-learning-curves-emacs-won-the-competition]
]

---
# Exiting Vim

.center[
  ![:scale 80%](images/close_vim_tweet.png)
]

.center[.font-small[From [What I’ve Learned After Using Vim 15 Days Straight](https://towardsdatascience.com/what-ive-learned-after-using-vim-15-days-straight-ceda7e773a6d)]]

---
# Exiting Vim II

Despite what the internet says, it's not that difficult. Here are a few options:

- `:q` or `:q!`

- `q` stands for "quit" (you can also run `:quit` if you want)

- by default, Vim won't quit if there are unsaved changes

- you can force it to do so by appending `!` to the command

- `:wq`, `:x` and `:wq!`

- `w` stands for "write" and makes Vim write the changes to the opened file

- `wq` is a combination of the "write" and "quit" commands

- `x` is a quick shortcut for `wq`

- appending `!` makes Vim ignore warnings about overwriting

---

# Vim philosophy

1. Optimize for reading code/text, not writing

2. Be programmable by itself (keystrokes are composable commands)

3. Avoid the mouse (too slow) or even the arrow keys (too much hand movement)

In practice this means using different "modes of operation" for different kinds
of tasks

There are 12 of them in total but we'll only go through the most important ones.

???

- Vim can be profoundly alien to people who only used "standard programming tools"

- Many of the ideas encapsuled in it are very valuable outside of it as well (similar to UNIX) -- that's why we teach it

---

# Vim modes

- **NORMAL**

- the default mode the editor starts in
  - each keypress is equivalent to an editor command

- **INSERT**

- the "normal" mode of other editors
  - each keypress actually inserts a character to a given file

- **VISUAL**

- allows you to take a selection of text and apply various transformations

- **COMMAND**

- lets you run commands that control the whole editor in its "command line"
  - commands start with `:`, for instance `:q!`
  - technically known as _Command-line_ or _Cmdline_ mode

---

# Vim modes II

.center[![:scale 80%](images/vim-modes.png)]

Everything starts and ends in the **NORMAL** mode. From there you can

- Press `i` to start the **INSERT** mode

- Press `v` to start the **VISUAL** mode

- Press `:` to start the **COMMAND** mode

To get back to the **NORMAL** mode, press `ESC` key (twice in the **COMMAND**
mode).

.center[ .font-small[Image from [CS61a article on Vim](https://cs61a.org/articles/vim.html)] ]

---
class: inverse, middle, center

# Normal mode

---

# Movement in **NORMAL** mode

- Instead of arrow keys, Vim uses `h`, `j`, `k` and `l`

.center[![:scale 50%](images/vim.png)]

- The reason why is efficiency: they are directly on your home row:

.center[![:scale 50%](images/normal_position.png)]

.center[.font-small[Images from https://tonsky.me/blog/cursor-keys/]]

???

The history is rather simple: the terminal Bill Joy wrote `vi` on did not have any arrow keys...

https://catonmat.net/why-vim-uses-hjkl-as-arrow-keys

---

# Movement in **NORMAL** mode II

Movement on line level:

- `^`, `0` or `<Home>`
  - Jump to the beginning of the line
  - `^` goes to the first non-blank character
- `$` or `<End>`
  - Jump to the end of the line

Movement on word level:

- `w`
  - Jump forward to the beginning of a word
- `b`
  - Jump backwards to the beginning of a word

.left-eq-column[

_The cursor is on `r`:_

```
This is a ve`r`y nice sentence!
```
]

.right-eq-column[
_After pressing `w`:_

```
This is a very `n`ice sentence!
```

_After pressing `b`:_

```
This is a `v`ery nice sentence!
```
]

---
# Movement in **NORMAL** mode III

Movement on character level:

- `h` or `<Left>`
  - Move one character to the _left_
- `l` or `<Right>`
  - Move one character to the _right_

Movement to a specific character:

- `fx`
  - Jump to the next occurence of character `x`
- `Fx`
  - Jump to the previous occurence of character `x`

_The cursor is on `r`:_

```
This is a ve`r`y nice sentence!
```

_After pressing `ft`:_

```
This is a very nice sen`t`ence!
```

---

# Movement in **NORMAL** mode IV

Movement across lines:
- `k` or `<Up>`
  - Move to the line _above_
- `l` or `<Down>`
  - Move to the line _below_
- `gg`
  - Move to the _first_ line of the file
- `G`
  - Move to the _last_ line of the file

---

# Editing in **NORMAL** mode

Edit commands are the equivalent of text edit you'd do with a mouse.

It is here where Vim starts to look like a programming language.

- `o` / `O`
  - Insert line below / above
- `d{motion}`
  - delete `{motion}`
  - for instance `dw` is delete word and `d$` is delete to end of line
- `c{motion}`
  - change `{motion}` (like `cw` -- change word)
  - a shortcut for pressing `d{motion}` and then `i`
- `x` / `X`
  - delete character after / before (same as `dl` / `dh`)
- `s`
  - substitute character (same as `xi`)
- `y{motion}`
  - "yank" (copy) everything until `{motion}` to the _"register"_
  - delete and copy also put the changed text to the  _"register"_
- `p` / `P`
  - paste from the _"register"_ after / before cursor
---
# More edit commands in **NORMAL** mode

- `cc` / `dd` / `yy`
  - change (remove and edit), delete (cut) or "yank" (copy) the _entire line_

- `xp`
  - swap two adjacent characters
      1. delete character under cursor and move to the next
      2. put deleted character to register
      3. paste deleted character from register

- `rx`
  - replace current character with `x`

- `u` / `<Ctrl-R>`
  - undo / redo a change

- `.`
  - repeat last change

---

# Vim's **NORMAL** commands as a language

Movements are "_nouns_" because they refer to a specific part of the text.

Edits are "_verbs_" because they act on nouns.

Combined with "_modifiers_" like counts, they comprise a powerful language.

.left-eq-column[
- `8l`
   - Move eight characters to the left
- `2w`
   - Move two words forward
- `5k`
   - Move 5 lines up
- `14gg`
   - Go to the 14th line

]

.right-eq-column[
- `d2w`
   - Delete two words
- `df)`
    - Delete until you find `)`
- `yG`
   - "Yank" (copy) everything until the end of the file
- `3dd`
   - Delete tree lines (below)
- `4u`
   - Undo the last 4 changes
]

---

# Lookup in **NORMAL** mode

The lookup capabilities are based on **regular expressions**.

`<CR>` basically means pressing `Enter`.

- `/{regexp}<CR>` / `?{regexp}<CR>`
  - look up `{regex}` from the current line downwards / upwards

- `n`
  - repeat the search in _the same_ direction

- `N`
  - repeat the search in _the opposite_ direction

---

# Lookup-supported regular expressions

.pure-table.pure-table-striped.mkdown-table[
    | expr      | description                  |
    |-----------|------------------------------|
    | `.`       | any character                |
    | `[ ]`     | character class  (or `[^ ]`) |
    | `^`       | beginning of the line        |
    | `$`       | end of the line              |
    | `\?`      | match once or not at all     |
    | `\+`     | match one and more times    |
    | `*`       | match zero or more times     |
    | `\{2,7}` | two to seven matches        |
  ]

---
class: inverse, middle, center

# Insert mode

---
# **INSERT** mode

You can switch to it in multiple ways:

- At the character you are currently at (`i`)
- Move cursor to the right (`a` for _append_)
- Move cursor at the end of the line (`A`)

You can move in it with arrow keys. But it is much more effective to go back to
**NORMAL** mode and move in there.

To get out of it (and get back to **NORMAL** mode), you can use

- `Esc`
- `Ctrl+C`
- `Ctrl+[`

---
class: center, inverse, middle

# Visual mode

---

# Visual mode

It can operate on various levels:

- Characters (by pressing `v`)

- Lines (by pressing `<Shift+v>`)

- Blocks (by pressing `<Ctrl+v>`)

The selection itself can be changed using movement commands.

With `o` you can swap the position from which the selection is moving.

---

# **VISUAL** mode commands

Most of them are the same as in the **NORMAL** mode.

-  `I` / `A`
    - insert / append typed text to each line of the selection

- `d` / `c` / `y`
  - delete / change (delete and insert) / yank (copy) the selection
  - deleted or yanked (copied) text can then be pasted with `p` or `P`

- `u` / `U` / `~`
  - uppercase / lowercase / swap the case of the selection

- `rx`
  - replace app characters in the selection with character `x`

- `>` / `<`
  - increase / decrease the indent ("TAB-ization") of the selection

---
class: center, inverse, middle

# Command (Cmdline) mode

---

# **COMMAND** (Cmdline) mode

- `:` / `<Esc>` (twice)

- Get in / out of the **COMMAND** mode

- Up / Down arrows let you go through the command history
  - `<Tab>` does autocompletion

Some helpful commands:

- `:history` shows the complete history in a listing
- `:help command` shows the help page for a given `command`
- `:syntax on` / `:syntax off` turns on / off syntax highlighting

---

# Text substitution in **COMMAND** mode

- When coming from the **VISUAL** mode, the command is applied on the
  selection -- otherwise on the whole text.

**`:s/{regexp}/{string}/{mod}`**
  - substitutes matched `{regexp}` for `{string}`

- also works on text selected in **VISUAL** mode `:'<,'>s/{regexp}/{string}/`

- and on the whole text using `%`, for instance `:%s/{regexp}/{string}/`

- and from the 5th to the last line `:5,$s/{regexp}/{string}/`

- `{mod}` modifies the replace behavior

- `g` replaces all, not just first occurrence
      - `c` makes Vim ask you to confirm the substitution
      - `i` makes the regular expression case-insensitive

--
  - `&` can be used to repeat the last substitution
  - when it comes to replacing, Vim interprets `\r` as newline

---

# Shell commands in **COMMAND** mode

- `:!{cmd}`
  - execute `{cmd}` in a shell

- `:r!{cmd}`
  - execute `{cmd}` and paste its stdout to the currently opened file (buffer)

Similar concept can be used to _filter_ the file we are editing:

- `:3,5!{cmd}`
  - pass lines 3 to 5 to the stdin of `{cmd}` and replace them with the output

- `:%!{cmd}`
  - pass the contents of the whole file (`%`) through `{cmd}`

- `:'<,'>!{cmd}`
  - pass the contents of the selection through `{cmd}`
  - happens automatically when `!` is pressed in **VIRTUAL** mode

---
class: inverse, middle, center

# Useful commands

---

# `nl`

Adds line numbers to each input line

- `-s` sets the separator (`<Tab>` by default)
  - for instance `nl -s :`

- `-w` sets how many columns are used for line numbers (6 by default)
  - for instance `nl -w 1`

.left-eq-column[
```bash
$ cat file.txt
Adam
Beatrice
Cynthia
David
Emma

$ nl file.txt
     1	Adam
     2	Beatrice
     3	Cynthia
     4	David
     5	Emma
```
]

.right-eq-column[

```bash
$ nl -w 1 file.txt
1	Adam
2	Beatrice
3	Cynthia
4	David
5	Emma

$ nl -w 1 -s ":" file.txt
1:Adam
2:Beatrice
3:Cynthia
4:David
5:Emma
```

]

---

# `shuf`

- outputs a random permutation of the input lines

- `-r` **r**epeat lines from the input

- `-n` print out at most **n** lines

```bash
$ cat file.txt
1 Adam
2 Beatrice
3 Cynthia
4 David
5 Emma

$ shuf file.txt
2 Beatrice
3 Cynthia
1 Adam
5 Emma
4 David

$ shuf -n 6 file.txt
2 Beatrice
3 Cynthia
1 Adam
5 Emma
4 David

```